淺談Linux中線程同步的方法有哪些
今天,我將討論有關(guān)Linux的文章:線程同步方法是什么? 現(xiàn)在我將簡(jiǎn)要介紹Linux:什么是線程同步方法? 希望這對(duì)大家有幫助。
Linux下實(shí)現(xiàn)線程同步的三種方法:
一、互斥鎖(mutex)
通過(guò)鎖機(jī)制實(shí)現(xiàn)線程間的同步。
1、初始化鎖。在Linux下,線程的互斥量數(shù)據(jù)類型是pthread_mutex_t。在使用前,要對(duì)它進(jìn)行初始化。
靜態(tài)分配:pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
動(dòng)態(tài)分配:int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *mutex, const pthread_mutex_attr_t *mutexattr);
2、加鎖。對(duì)共享資源的訪問(wèn),要對(duì)互斥量進(jìn)行加鎖,如果互斥量已經(jīng)上了鎖,調(diào)用線程會(huì)阻塞,直到互斥量被解鎖。
int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex *mutex);
int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
3、解鎖。在完成了對(duì)共享資源的訪問(wèn)后,要對(duì)互斥量進(jìn)行解鎖。
int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
4、銷毀鎖。鎖在是使用完成后,需要進(jìn)行銷毀以釋放資源。
int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex *mutex);
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include "iostream"
using namespace std;
pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
int tmp;
void* thread(void *arg)
{
cout << "thread id is " << pthread_self() << endl;
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
tmp = 12;
cout << "Now a is " << tmp << endl;
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
return NULL;
}
int main()
{
pthread_t id;
cout << "main thread id is " << pthread_self() << endl;
tmp = 3;
cout << "In main func tmp = " << tmp << endl;
if (!pthread_create(&id, NULL, thread, NULL))
{
cout << "Create thread success!" << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "Create thread failed!" << endl;
}
pthread_join(id, NULL);
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
return 0;
}
//編譯:g++ -o thread testthread.cpp -lpthread
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二、條件變量(cond)
與互斥鎖不同,條件變量是用來(lái)等待而不是用來(lái)上鎖的。條件變量用來(lái)自動(dòng)阻塞一個(gè)線程,直到某特殊情況發(fā)生為止。通常條件變量和互斥鎖同時(shí)使用。條件變量分為兩部分: 條件和變量。條件本身是由互斥量保護(hù)的。線程在改變條件狀態(tài)前先要鎖住互斥量。條件變量使我們可以睡眠等待某種條件出現(xiàn)。條件變量是利用線程間共享的全局變量進(jìn)行同步的一種機(jī)制,主要包括兩個(gè)動(dòng)作:一個(gè)線程等待“條件變量的條件成立”而掛起;另一個(gè)線程使“條件成立”(給出條件成立信號(hào))。條件的檢測(cè)是在互斥鎖的保護(hù)下進(jìn)行的。如果一個(gè)條件為假,一個(gè)線程自動(dòng)阻塞,并釋放等待狀態(tài)改變的互斥鎖。如果另一個(gè)線程改變了條件,它發(fā)信號(hào)給關(guān)聯(lián)的條件變量,喚醒一個(gè)或多個(gè)等待它的線程,重新獲得互斥鎖,重新評(píng)價(jià)條件。如果兩進(jìn)程共享可讀寫的內(nèi)存,條件變量可以被用來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)這兩進(jìn)程間的線程同步。
1、初始化條件變量。
靜態(tài)態(tài)初始化,pthread_cond_t cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIER;
動(dòng)態(tài)初始化,int pthread_cond_init(pthread_cond_t *cond, pthread_condattr_t *cond_attr);
2、等待條件成立。釋放鎖,同時(shí)阻塞等待條件變量為真才行。timewait()設(shè)置等待時(shí)間,仍未signal,返回ETIMEOUT(加鎖保證只有一個(gè)線程wait)
int pthread_cond_wait(pthread_cond_t *cond, pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
int pthread_cond_timewait(pthread_cond_t *cond,pthread_mutex *mutex,const timespec *abstime);
4、激活條件變量。pthread_cond_signal,pthread_cond_broadcast(激活所有等待線程)
int pthread_cond_signal(pthread_cond_t *cond);
int pthread_cond_broadcast(pthread_cond_t *cond); //解除所有線程的阻塞
5、清除條件變量。無(wú)線程等待,否則返回EBUSY
int pthread_cond_destroy(pthread_cond_t *cond);
[cpp] view plain copy
#include
#include
#include "stdlib.h"
#include "unistd.h"
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
pthread_cond_t cond;
void hander(void *arg)
{
free(arg);
(void)pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
}
void *thread1(void *arg)
{
pthread_cleanup_push(hander, &mutex);
while(1)
{
printf("thread1 is running\n");
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mutex);
printf("thread1 applied the condition\n");
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
sleep(4);
}
pthread_cleanup_pop(0);
}
void *thread2(void *arg)
{
while(1)
{
printf("thread2 is running\n");
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mutex);
printf("thread2 applied the condition\n");
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
sleep(1);
}
}
int main()
{
pthread_t thid1,thid2;
printf("condition variable study!\n");
pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);
pthread_cond_init(&cond, NULL);
pthread_create(&thid1, NULL, thread1, NULL);
pthread_create(&thid2, NULL, thread2, NULL);
sleep(1);
do
{
pthread_cond_signal(&cond);
}while(1);
sleep(20);
pthread_exit(0);
return 0;
}
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#include
#include
#include "stdio.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
static pthread_mutex_t mtx = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
static pthread_cond_t cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
struct node
{
int n_number;
struct node *n_next;
}*head = NULL;
static void cleanup_handler(void *arg)
{
printf("Cleanup handler of second thread./n");
free(arg);
(void)pthread_mutex_unlock(&mtx);
}
static void *thread_func(void *arg)
{
struct node *p = NULL;
pthread_cleanup_push(cleanup_handler, p);
while (1)
{
//這個(gè)mutex主要是用來(lái)保證pthread_cond_wait的并發(fā)性
pthread_mutex_lock(&mtx);
while (head == NULL)
{
//這個(gè)while要特別說(shuō)明一下,單個(gè)pthread_cond_wait功能很完善,為何
//這里要有一個(gè)while (head == NULL)呢?因?yàn)閜thread_cond_wait里的線
//程可能會(huì)被意外喚醒,如果這個(gè)時(shí)候head != NULL,則不是我們想要的情況。
//這個(gè)時(shí)候,應(yīng)該讓線程繼續(xù)進(jìn)入pthread_cond_wait
// pthread_cond_wait會(huì)先解除之前的pthread_mutex_lock鎖定的mtx,
//然后阻塞在等待對(duì)列里休眠,直到再次被喚醒(大多數(shù)情況下是等待的條件成立
//而被喚醒,喚醒后,該進(jìn)程會(huì)先鎖定先pthread_mutex_lock(&mtx);,再讀取資源
//用這個(gè)流程是比較清楚的
pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mtx);
p = head;
head = head->n_next;
printf("Got %d from front of queue/n", p->n_number);
free(p);
}
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mtx); //臨界區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)操作完畢,釋放互斥鎖
}
pthread_cleanup_pop(0);
return 0;
}
int main(void)
{
pthread_t tid;
int i;
struct node *p;
//子線程會(huì)一直等待資源,類似生產(chǎn)者和消費(fèi)者,但是這里的消費(fèi)者可以是多個(gè)消費(fèi)者,而
//不僅僅支持普通的單個(gè)消費(fèi)者,這個(gè)模型雖然簡(jiǎn)單,但是很強(qiáng)大
pthread_create(&tid, NULL, thread_func, NULL);
sleep(1);
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
p = (struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
p->n_number = i;
pthread_mutex_lock(&mtx); //需要操作head這個(gè)臨界資源,先加鎖,
p->n_next = head;
head = p;
pthread_cond_signal(&cond);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mtx); //解鎖
sleep(1);
}
printf("thread 1 wanna end the line.So cancel thread 2./n");
//關(guān)于pthread_cancel,有一點(diǎn)額外的說(shuō)明,它是從外部終止子線程,子線程會(huì)在最近的取消點(diǎn),退出
//線程,而在我們的代碼里,最近的取消點(diǎn)肯定就是pthread_cond_wait()了。
pthread_cancel(tid);
pthread_join(tid, NULL);
printf("All done -- exiting/n");
return 0;
}
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三、信號(hào)量(sem)
如同進(jìn)程一樣,線程也可以通過(guò)信號(hào)量來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)通信,雖然是輕量級(jí)的。信號(hào)量函數(shù)的名字都以“sem_”打頭。線程使用的基本信號(hào)量函數(shù)有四個(gè)。
1、信號(hào)量初始化。
int sem_init (sem_t *sem , int pshared, unsigned int value);
這是對(duì)由sem指定的信號(hào)量進(jìn)行初始化,設(shè)置好它的共享選項(xiàng)(linux 只支持為0,即表示它是當(dāng)前進(jìn)程的局部信號(hào)量),然后給它一個(gè)初始值VALUE。
2、等待信號(hào)量。給信號(hào)量減1,然后等待直到信號(hào)量的值大于0。
int sem_wait(sem_t *sem);
3、釋放信號(hào)量。信號(hào)量值加1。并通知其他等待線程。
int sem_post(sem_t *sem);
4、銷毀信號(hào)量。我們用完信號(hào)量后都它進(jìn)行清理。歸還占有的一切資源。
int sem_destroy(sem_t *sem);
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define return_if_fail(p) if((p) == 0){printf ("[%s]:func error!/n", __func__);return;}
typedef struct _PrivInfo
{
sem_t s1;
sem_t s2;
time_t end_time;
}PrivInfo;
static void info_init (PrivInfo* thiz);
static void info_destroy (PrivInfo* thiz);
static void* pthread_func_1 (PrivInfo* thiz);
static void* pthread_func_2 (PrivInfo* thiz);
int main (int argc, char** argv)
{
pthread_t pt_1 = 0;
pthread_t pt_2 = 0;
int ret = 0;
PrivInfo* thiz = NULL;
thiz = (PrivInfo* )malloc (sizeof (PrivInfo));
if (thiz == NULL)
{
printf ("[%s]: Failed to malloc priv./n");
return -1;
}
info_init (thiz);
ret = pthread_create (&pt_1, NULL, (void*)pthread_func_1, thiz);
if (ret != 0)
{
perror ("pthread_1_create:");
}
ret = pthread_create (&pt_2, NULL, (void*)pthread_func_2, thiz);
if (ret != 0)
{
perror ("pthread_2_create:");
}
pthread_join (pt_1, NULL);
pthread_join (pt_2, NULL);
info_destroy (thiz);
return 0;
}
static void info_init (PrivInfo* thiz)
{
return_if_fail (thiz != NULL);
thiz->end_time = time(NULL) + 10;
sem_init (&thiz->s1, 0, 1);
sem_init (&thiz->s2, 0, 0);
return;
}
static void info_destroy (PrivInfo* thiz)
{
return_if_fail (thiz != NULL);
sem_destroy (&thiz->s1);
sem_destroy (&thiz->s2);
free (thiz);
thiz = NULL;
return;
}
static void* pthread_func_1 (PrivInfo* thiz)
{
return_if_fail(thiz != NULL);
while (time(NULL) < thiz->end_time)
{
sem_wait (&thiz->s2);
printf ("pthread1: pthread1 get the lock./n");
sem_post (&thiz->s1);
printf ("pthread1: pthread1 unlock/n");
sleep (1);
}
return;
}
static void* pthread_func_2 (PrivInfo* thiz)
{
return_if_fail (thiz != NULL);
while (time (NULL) < thiz->end_time)
{
sem_wait (&thiz->s1);
printf ("pthread2: pthread2 get the unlock./n");
sem_post (&thiz->s2);
printf ("pthread2: pthread2 unlock./n");
sleep (1);
}
return;
}
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