u-boot內(nèi)核啟動(dòng)
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我們從u-boot啟動(dòng)內(nèi)核可知道,uboot通過這條命令theKernel (0, bd->bi_arch_number, bd->bi_boot_params);
來啟動(dòng)內(nèi)核。
那么我們可以內(nèi)核啟動(dòng)第一步肯定是處理u-boot傳入的參數(shù)(機(jī)器ID、啟動(dòng)參數(shù)),再通過一系列的步驟達(dá)到最終目的:掛接根文件系統(tǒng)來運(yùn)行應(yīng)用程序
我們來看一下整體流程圖:
1.內(nèi)核引導(dǎo)階段 啟動(dòng)文件head.S和head-common.S
.section?".text.head",?"ax" ????.type???stext,?%function ENTRY(stext) ????msr?cpsr_c,?#PSR_F_BIT?|?PSR_I_BIT?|?SVC_MODE?@?ensure?svc?mode ????????????????????????@?and?irqs?disabled ????mrc?p15,?0,?r9,?c0,?c0??????@?get?processor?id ????bl??__lookup_processor_type?????@?r5=procinfo?r9=cpuid ????movs????r10,?r5?????????????@?invalid?processor?(r5=0)? ????beq?__error_p???????????@?yes,?error?'p' ????bl??__lookup_machine_type???????@?r5=machinfo ????movs????r8,?r5??????????????@?invalid?machine?(r5=0)? ????beq?__error_a???????????@?yes,?error?'a' ????bl??__create_page_tables ????ldr?r13,?__switch_data??????@?address?to?jump?to?after ????????????????????????@?mmu?has?been?enabled ????adr?lr,?__enable_mmu????????@?return?(PIC)?address ????add?pc,?r10,?#PROCINFO_INITFUNC
首先看這段匯編代碼,它主要是用來做一些內(nèi)核啟動(dòng)前的檢測:
?__lookup_processor_type 檢測內(nèi)核是否支持當(dāng)前CPU、__lookup_machine_type檢測是否支持當(dāng)前單板,并且__create_page_tables創(chuàng)建頁表,__enable_mmu使能MMU。
?這里我們首先打開__lookup_machine_type。
.long???__proc_info_begin ????.long???__proc_info_end 3:??.long???. ????.long???__arch_info_begin ????.long???__arch_info_end /* ?*?Lookup?machine?architecture?in?the?linker-build?list?of?architectures. ?*?Note?that?we?can't?use?the?absolute?addresses?for?the?__arch_info ?*?lists?since?we?aren't?running?with?the?MMU?on?(and?therefore,?we?are ?*?not?in?the?correct?address?space).??We?have?to?calculate?the?offset. ?* ?*??r1?=?machine?architecture?number ?*?Returns: ?*??r3,?r4,?r6?corrupted ?*??r5?=?mach_info?pointer?in?physical?address?space ?*/ ????.type???__lookup_machine_type,?%function __lookup_machine_type: ????adr?r3,?3b??????????????@?r3?=?address?of?3,real?address,phy?address ????ldmia???r3,?{r4,?r5,?r6}@?r4?=?"."?virtual?address?of?3,r5?=?__arch_info_begin,r6?=?????__arch_info_end ????sub?r3,?r3,?r4??????????@?get?offset?between?virt&phys ????add?r5,?r5,?r3??????????@?convert?virt?addresses?to ????add?r6,?r6,?r3??????????@?physical?address?space ????/* ????__arch_info_begin?=?.; ?????*(.arch.info.init) ????__arch_info_end?=?.; ????*/ 1:??ldr?r3,?[r5,?#MACHINFO_TYPE]????@?get?machine?type ????teq?r3,?r1??????????????@?matches?loader?number? ????beq?2f??????????????@?found ????add?r5,?r5,?#SIZEOF_MACHINE_DESC????@?next?machine_desc ????cmp?r5,?r6 ????blo?1b ????mov?r5,?#0??????????????@?unknown?machine 2:??mov?pc,?lr
我們在archarmkernel找到__lookup_machine_type被定義在head-common.S文件中。
?開始分析代碼:
?首先,讀出3物理地址給r3。
?然后用ldmia指令將r3對應(yīng)的3條指令的虛擬地址分別存入r4,r5,r6。
?所以現(xiàn)在r4=. ; r5=__arch_info_begin ; r6=__arch_info_end
?然后用r3-r4求出物理地址和虛擬地址的偏移值,再利用這個(gè)偏移值求出r5和r6的實(shí)際物理地址。
?其中__arch_info_begin
和__arch_info_end
定義在內(nèi)核目錄archarmkernel下vmlinux.lds文件中,
?經(jīng)過起始虛擬地址= (0xc0000000) + 0x00008000逐層疊加得到。
SECTIONS { ?.?=?(0xc0000000)?+?0x00008000; ?.text.head?:?{ ??_stext?=?.; ??_sinittext?=?.; ??*(.text.head) ?} ?.init?:?{?/*?Init?code?and?data????????*/ ???*(.init.text) ??_einittext?=?.; ??__proc_info_begin?=?.; ???*(.proc.info.init) ??__proc_info_end?=?.; ??__arch_info_begin?=?.;// ???*(.arch.info.init) ??__arch_info_end?=?.;//
這里的__arch_info_begin和__arch_info_end中間存放的是段屬性為.arch.info.init的結(jié)構(gòu)體。
?這里我們可以直接在linux下查詢內(nèi)核中包含.arch.info.init的文件。
/*************Direction:include/asm-arm/arch.h********************/ #define?MACHINE_START(_type,_name)?????????? static?const?struct?machine_desc?__mach_desc_##_type???? ?__used????????????????????????? ?__attribute__((__section__(".arch.info.init")))?=?{???? ????.nr?????=?MACH_TYPE_##_type,???????? ????.name???????=?_name, #define?MACHINE_END????????????? }; /*************Direction:arch/arm/mach-s3c2440/mach-smdk2440.c******************/ MACHINE_START(S3C2440,?"SMDK2440") ????/*?Maintainer:?Ben?Dooks*/ ????.phys_io????=?S3C2410_PA_UART, ????.io_pg_offst????=?(((u32)S3C24XX_VA_UART)?>>?18)?&?0xfffc, ????.boot_params????=?S3C2410_SDRAM_PA?+?0x100, ????.init_irq???=?s3c24xx_init_irq, ????.map_io?????=?smdk2440_map_io, ????.init_machine???=?smdk2440_machine_init, ????.timer??????=?&s3c24xx_timer, MACHINE_END
如上:在include/asm-arm/arch.h中找到了定義的結(jié)構(gòu)體類型machine_desc,并且在代碼中它的段屬性被強(qiáng)制定義成了.arch.info.init。
?這樣做的目的是在剛剛我們看到的vmlinux.lds鏈接腳本文件中,可以將具有.arch.info.init段屬性的結(jié)構(gòu)體統(tǒng)一放在__arch_info_begin和__arch_info_end之間。
?非常便于處理。那么現(xiàn)在我們將這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)體展開,看看它的內(nèi)容。也就是將arch/arm/mach-s3c2440/mach-smdk2440.c中的參數(shù)傳入。展開后如下:
static?const?struct?machine_desc?__mach_desc_S3C2440???? ?__used????????????????????????? ?__attribute__((__section__(".arch.info.init")))?=?{???? ????.nr?????=?MACH_TYPE_S3C2440,???????? ????.name???????=?"SMDK2440", ????/*?Maintainer:?Ben?Dooks*/ ????.phys_io????=?S3C2410_PA_UART, ????.io_pg_offst????=?(((u32)S3C24XX_VA_UART)?>>?18)?&?0xfffc, ????.boot_params????=?S3C2410_SDRAM_PA?+?0x100,????//0x30000100 ????.init_irq???=?s3c24xx_init_irq, ????.map_io?????=?smdk2440_map_io, ????.init_machine???=?smdk2440_machine_init, ????.timer??????=?&s3c24xx_timer, };
現(xiàn)在我們看到,定義的結(jié)構(gòu)體類型machine_desc,內(nèi)容為.nr到.timer。
?我們可以看出這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)體大概是存儲硬件信息。
?nr存放機(jī)器ID,name存放單板名稱,phys_io存放輸入輸出口,io_pg_offst存放IO的偏移地址,boot_params存放uboot傳給內(nèi)核的啟動(dòng)參數(shù)(TAG),init_irq存放的是中斷初始化信息,map_io為IO的映射表,init_machine存放的是單板的初始化信息,timer存放的是單板的定時(shí)器信息。
struct?machine_desc?{ ????/* ?????*?Note!?The?first?four?elements?are?used ?????*?by?assembler?code?in?head-armv.S ?????*/ ????unsigned?int????????nr;?????/*?architecture?number??*/ ????unsigned?int????????phys_io;????/*?start?of?physical?io?*/ ????unsigned?int????????io_pg_offst;????/*?byte?offset?for?io? ?????????????????????????*?page?tabe?entry??*/ ????const?char??????*name;??????/*?architecture?name????*/ ????unsigned?long???????boot_params;????/*?tagged?list??????*/ ????unsigned?int????????video_start;????/*?start?of?video?RAM???*/ ????unsigned?int????????video_end;??/*?end?of?video?RAM?*/ ????unsigned?int????????reserve_lp0?:1;?/*?never?has?lp0????*/ ????unsigned?int????????reserve_lp1?:1;?/*?never?has?lp1????*/ ????unsigned?int????????reserve_lp2?:1;?/*?never?has?lp2????*/ ????unsigned?int????????soft_reboot?:1;?/*?soft?reboot??????*/ ????void????????????(*fixup)(struct?machine_desc?*, ?????????????????????struct?tag?*,?char?**, ?????????????????????struct?meminfo?*); ????void????????????(*map_io)(void);/*?IO?mapping?function??*/ ????void????????????(*init_irq)(void); ????struct?sys_timer????*timer;?????/*?system?tick?timer????*/ ????void????????????(*init_machine)(void); };
我們打開arch.h文件,看到對machine_desc結(jié)構(gòu)體的定義確實(shí)和我們剛剛所說的一樣。
?到此處理u-boot傳來的機(jī)器ID結(jié)束。再回到head-common.S文件,這里對mmap_switch定義:
.type???__switch_data,?%object __switch_data: ????.long???__mmap_switched ????.long???__data_loc??????????@?r4 ????.long???__data_start????????????@?r5 ????.long???__bss_start?????????@?r6 ????.long???_end????????????????@?r7 ????.long???processor_id????????????@?r4 ????.long???__machine_arch_type?????@?r5 ????.long???cr_alignment????????????@?r6 ????.long???init_thread_union?+?THREAD_START_SP?@?sp /* ?*?The?following?fragment?of?code?is?executed?with?the?MMU?on?in?MMU?mode, ?*?and?uses?absolute?addresses;?this?is?not?position?independent. ?* ?*??r0??=?cp#15?control?register ?*??r1??=?machine?ID ?*??r9??=?processor?ID ?*/ ????.type???__mmap_switched,?%function __mmap_switched: ????adr?r3,?__switch_data?+?4 ????ldmia???r3!,?{r4,?r5,?r6,?r7} ????cmp?r4,?r5??????????????@?Copy?data?segment?if?needed 1:??cmpne???r5,?r6 ????ldrne???fp,?[r4],?#4 ????strne???fp,?[r5],?#4 ????bne?1b ????mov?fp,?#0??????????????@?Clear?BSS?(and?zero?fp) 1:??cmp?r6,?r7 ????strcc???fp,?[r6],#4 ????bcc?1b ????ldmia???r3,?{r4,?r5,?r6,?sp} ????str?r9,?[r4]????????????@?Save?processor?ID ????str?r1,?[r5]????????????@?Save?machine?type ????bic?r4,?r0,?#CR_A???????????@?Clear?'A'?bit ????stmia???r6,?{r0,?r4}????????????@?Save?control?register?values ????b???start_kernel
mmap_switch做了很多工作,這里我們看到有復(fù)制數(shù)據(jù)段,清BSS段,保存CPU的ID,保存機(jī)器ID,清‘A’位,保存控制寄存器的值,然后就到了C語言段——start_kernel函數(shù)。
2.內(nèi)核啟動(dòng)的第二階段 C語言段—start_kernel
asmlinkage?void?__init?start_kernel(void) { ????local_irq_disable(); ????early_boot_irqs_off(); ????early_init_irq_lock_class(); /* ?*?Interrupts?are?still?disabled.?Do?necessary?setups,?then ?*?enable?them ?*/ ????lock_kernel(); ????tick_init(); ????boot_cpu_init(); ????page_address_init(); ????printk(KERN_NOTICE); ????printk(linux_banner); ????setup_arch(&command_line); ????setup_command_line(command_line); ????printk(KERN_NOTICE?"Kernel?command?line:?%sn",?boot_command_line); ????parse_early_param(); ????parse_args("Booting?kernel",?static_command_line,?__start___param, ???????????__stop___param?-?__start___param, ???????????&unknown_bootoption); ????init_IRQ(); ????profile_init(); ????if?(!irqs_disabled()) ????????printk("start_kernel():?bug:?interrupts?were?enabled?earlyn"); ????early_boot_irqs_on(); ????local_irq_enable(); ????console_init(); ????rest_init(); }
接下來進(jìn)入start_kernel啟動(dòng)內(nèi)核的C函數(shù)。
?上面是start_kernel的部分代碼。
?這部分代碼的主要作用是處理uboot傳遞來的參數(shù),設(shè)置與體系結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)的環(huán)境,初始化控制臺,最后執(zhí)行應(yīng)用程序,實(shí)現(xiàn)功能。
?start_kernel函數(shù)框架如下。
內(nèi)核啟動(dòng)流程: arch/arm/kernel/head.S start_kernel ????setup_arch(&command_line)???????????//??解析Uboot傳入的啟動(dòng)參數(shù) ????setup_command_line(command_line)????//??解析Uboot傳入的啟動(dòng)參數(shù) ????parse_early_param ????????do_early_param ????????????從__setup_start到__setup_end,調(diào)用early函數(shù) ????unknown_bootoption ????????obsolete_checksetup ????????????從__setup_start到__setup_end,調(diào)用非early函數(shù) ????rest_init ????????kernel_init ????????????prepare_namespace ????????????????mount_root??????//掛接根文件系統(tǒng) ????????????init_post ????????????????//執(zhí)行應(yīng)用程序
這里每一個(gè)退格(TAB)都代表此函數(shù)被上一個(gè)函數(shù)調(diào)用(例如obsolete_checksetup是unknown_bootoption調(diào)用的函數(shù))。 ?setup_arch(&command_line)和setup_command_line(command_line)就是用來處理uboot傳遞進(jìn)來的啟動(dòng)參數(shù)的(處理TAG)。 ?do_early_param從__setup_start到 __setup_end,調(diào)用用early標(biāo)識的函數(shù)(但因?yàn)開_setup_param(str, fn, fn, 0)中early賦值為0,所以不在這里調(diào)用),所以我們主要用obsolete_checksetup,后面會提及。 ?obsolete_checksetup從__setup_start到 __setup_end,調(diào)用用非early標(biāo)識的函數(shù)。 ?mount_root是掛載根文件系統(tǒng),因?yàn)長inux上的應(yīng)用程序最終要在根文件系統(tǒng)上運(yùn)行。最后是init_post中運(yùn)行應(yīng)用程序。
?那么現(xiàn)在就有一個(gè)問題,Linux內(nèi)核是如何接收uboot傳來的根文件系統(tǒng)信息的呢?
bootcmd=nand?read.jffs2?0x30007FC0?kernel;?bootm?0x30007FC0 bootargs=noinitrd?root=/dev/mtdblock3?init=/linuxrc?console=ttySAC0
上面是uboot啟動(dòng)時(shí)打印的環(huán)境變量。其中我們能夠看到根文件系統(tǒng)掛載到第4個(gè)分區(qū):root=/dev/mtdblock3 (從0分區(qū)開始)。
?上面我們提到過,setup_arch(&command_line)和setup_command_line(command_line)就是用來處理uboot傳遞進(jìn)來的啟動(dòng)參數(shù)的(處理TAG)。但這個(gè)處理只是簡單的復(fù)制粘貼而已,這兩個(gè)函數(shù)將TAG保存,但并未進(jìn)行真正的處理。那么真正告訴內(nèi)核在哪里掛載的函數(shù)是什么呢?
?我們通過查看rest_init->kernel_init->prepare_namespace可以看到一個(gè)saved_root_name。查找saved_root_name,發(fā)現(xiàn)在Do_mounts.c文件中有對它的調(diào)用:
static?int?__init?root_dev_setup(char?*line) { ????strlcpy(saved_root_name,?line,?sizeof(saved_root_name)); ????return?1; } __setup("root=",?root_dev_setup);//傳入一個(gè)字符串,一個(gè)函數(shù)
根據(jù)我們之前的經(jīng)驗(yàn),我們可以猜測這個(gè)__setup宏,也是定義了一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)體。通過查找__setup我們找到了它的宏定義:
Dir:init.h #define?__setup(str,?fn)???????????????????? ????__setup_param(str,?fn,?fn,?0) #define?__setup_param(str,?unique_id,?fn,?early)???????????? ????static?char?__setup_str_##unique_id[]?__initdata?=?str;???? ????static?struct?obs_kernel_param?__setup_##unique_id???? ????????__attribute_used__???????????????? ????????__attribute__((__section__(".init.setup")))???? ????????__attribute__((aligned((sizeof(long)))))???? ????????=?{?__setup_str_##unique_id,?fn,?early?}
在init.h文件里,定義__setup等于__setup_param。那么在__setup_param的宏定義里,我們可以知道:
?它先定義了一個(gè)字符串,然后定義了一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)體類型obs_kernel_param __setup。
?這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)體的段屬性為.init.setup,內(nèi)容為一個(gè)字符串,一個(gè)函數(shù),還有early。
?具備這個(gè)屬性的結(jié)構(gòu)體被鏈接腳本文件放到一起,從__setup_start到 __setup_end搜索調(diào)用。
在vmlinux.lds中
__setup_start?=?.; ???*(.init.setup) ??__setup_end?=?.;
但是在Flash里沒有分區(qū),只能和uboot一樣,將分區(qū)在代碼里寫死。一般在啟動(dòng)Linux的時(shí)候,Linux會自動(dòng)打印出分區(qū)的信息。這里我的分區(qū)是這樣的:
Creating?4?MTD?partitions?on?"NAND?256MiB?3,3V?8-bit": 0x00000000-0x00040000?:?"bootloader" 0x00040000-0x00060000?:?"params" 0x00060000-0x00260000?:?"kernel" 0x00260000-0x10000000?:?"root"
我們搜索這個(gè)分區(qū)名grep ""bootloader"" * -nR
.在arch/arm/plat-s3c24xx/Common-smdk.c中找到分區(qū)代碼:
static?struct?mtd_partition?smdk_default_nand_part[]?=?{ ????[0]?=?{ ????????.name???=?"bootloader", ????????.size???=?0x00040000, ????????.offset????=?0, ????}, ????[1]?=?{ ????????.name???=?"params", ????????.offset?=?MTDPART_OFS_APPEND, ????????.size???=?0x00020000, ????}, ????[2]?=?{ ????????.name???=?"kernel", ????????.offset?=?MTDPART_OFS_APPEND, ????????.size???=?0x00200000, ????}, ????[3]?=?{ ????????.name???=?"root", ????????.offset?=?MTDPART_OFS_APPEND, ????????.size???=?MTDPART_SIZ_FULL, ????} };
至此,處理完uboot傳遞的參數(shù),進(jìn)行CPU和單板的校驗(yàn),掛載根文件系統(tǒng)等一系列操作后,最終內(nèi)核執(zhí)行init_post()中的應(yīng)用程序。